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COVID-19

Coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) is a highly contagious respiratory infection that is caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). SARS-CoV-2 infects alveolar epithelial cells [mainly alveolar epithelial type 2 (AEC2) cells] through the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor. Upon the occupancy of ACE2 by SARS-CoV-2, the increased serum level of free Angiotensin II (Ang II) due to a reduction of ACE2-mediated degradation promotes activation of the NF-kappa B pathway via Ang II type 1 receptor (AT1R), followed by  interleukin-6 (IL-6) production. SARS-CoV-2 also activates the innate immune system; macrophage stimulation triggers the overproduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including IL-6, and the "cytokine storm", which results in systemic inflammatory response syndrome and multiple organ failure. The combined effects of complement activation, dysregulated neutrophilia, endothelial injury, and hypercoagulability appear to be intertwined to drive the severe features of COVID-19.

Drugs that treat COVID-19

Xevudy

Approval date

2021/9/27

Treats

Ronapreve

Approval date

2021/7/19

Treats

Moderna Covid-19 vaccine

Made by

Takeda

Approval date

2021/5/21

Treats

Vaxzevria

Made by

AstraZeneca

Approval date

2021/5/21

Treats

Comirnaty

Made by

Pfizer

Approval date

2021/2/14

Treats

Veklury

Approval date

2020/5/7

Treats